Sanger Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Applications, Diagram

Microbe Notes

It is also known as dideoxy sequencing or chain termination method. This method was the first DNA sequencing method developed in 1977 by Frederick Sanger and his colleagues. It is considered the gold standard of sequencing due to its high accuracy and ability to produce long reads which is useful for various research applications.

The History of DNA Sequencing

Sequencing technologies have evolved significantly over the past years but Sanger sequencing continues to be the most widely used technology. It is particularly effective for small sequencing projects. However, for higher-throughput sequencing projects, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies such as Illumina, PacBio, and Nanopore have emerged. Although NGS technologies have largely replaced Sanger sequencing due to their ability to sequence larger amounts of DNA more quickly and at a lower cost, Sanger sequencing remains in use today. The development of newer DNA sequencing platforms has led to the automation of Sanger sequencing.

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Principle of Sanger Sequencing

The principle of Sanger sequencing is based on the termination of DNA strand elongation by ddNTPs. These modified molecules are chemical analogs of DNA nucleotides that lack the 3’ hydroxyl group necessary for the formation of a phosphodiester bond that elongates the DNA strand. The addition of ddNTPs in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) reaction terminates DNA elongation.

During the sequencing process, labeled ddNTPs, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), and template DNA are mixed in a PCR reaction. When ddNTPs are added, they terminate the DNA chain, producing fragments of different lengths. These fragments are separated by electrophoresis. The fluorescent labels on the ddNTPs indicate which base terminated each fragment and are used to determine the DNA sequence.

Sanger Sequencing

Steps Involved in Sanger Sequencing

Sanger Sequencing involves the following 4 steps.

1. DNA Template Preparation

2. Chain Termination PCR

3. Separation of DNA Fragments

4. Detection and Analysis

Sanger Sequencing Steps Video

YouTube video

Advantages of Sanger Sequencing

Limitations of Sanger Sequencing

Applications of Sanger Sequencing

Sanger Sequencing vs. Next-Generation Sequencing

CharacteristicsSanger sequencingNext-generation sequencing
PrincipleIt uses the chain termination method and is hence also called dideoxy chain termination sequencing.It uses parallel sequencing technologies. It is also known as massively parallel sequencing.
SpeedThis method is comparatively slower. It can process only one fragment at a time.NGS technologies are fast. It can sequence millions of fragments simultaneously.
Read lengthIt usually produces long read lengths.Read lengths vary based on the platform but they usually generate short reads.
CostThe cost is high for large-scale projects and low for single genes.It is economical for high-throughput projects.
Data analysisData analysis is straightforward.It requires complex bioinformatics and analysis tools.
ApplicationsThis technology is used in small-scale projects and to confirm NGS data.It is used in large-scale projects and whole-genome sequencing.

References

  1. Brown, T. (2010). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction. A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication.
  2. Crossley, B. M., Bai, J., Glaser, A., Maes, R., Porter, E., Killian, M. L., Clement, T., & Toohey-Kurth, K. (2020). Guidelines for Sanger sequencing and molecular assay monitoring. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation: official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc, 32(6), 767–775. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638720905833
  3. Heather, J. M., & Chain, B. (2016). The sequence of sequencers: The history of sequencing DNA. Genomics, 107(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2015.11.003
  4. How to Conduct Sanger Sequencing | Thermo Fisher Scientific – NP
  5. Sanger Sequencing Steps & Method (sigmaaldrich.com)
  6. Sanger Sequencing: Introduction, Workflow, and Applications – CD Genomics (cd-genomics.com)
  7. Slatko, B. E., Gardner, A. F., & Ausubel, F. M. (2018). Overview of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies. Current protocols in molecular biology, 122(1), e59. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpmb.59
  8. What is Sanger sequencing? | Thermo Fisher Scientific – NP

About Author

Sanju Tamang completed her Bachelor's (B.Tech) in Biotechnology from Kantipur Valley College, Lalitpur, Nepal. She is interested in genetics, microbiome, and their roles in human health. She is keen to learn more about biological technologies that improve human health and quality of life.