Ecology : concepts and applications

Overview: Ecology: Concepts and Applications by Molles places great emphasis on helping students grasp the main concepts of ecology while keeping the presentation more applied than theoretical. An evolutionary perspective forms the foundation of the entire discussion. The book begins with the natural history of the planet, considers portions of the whole in the middle chapters, and ends with another perspective of the entire planet in the concluding chapter. Its unique organization of focusing only on several key concepts in each chapter sets it apart from other ecology texts

Preface -- Introduction To Ecology: Historical Foundations And Developing Frontiers: -- Concepts -- Overview of ecology -- Concept 1-1: Review -- Sampling ecological research: -- Ecology of forest birds: old tools and new -- Forest canopy research: physical and scientific frontier -- Climatic and ecological change: past and future -- Concept 1-2: Review -- Investigating the Evidence 1: Scientific method-questions and hypotheses -- Section 1: Natural History And Evolution: -- Life On Land: -- Concepts -- Terrestrial biomes -- Large-scale patterns of climatic variation: -- Temperature, atmospheric circulation, and precipitation -- Climate diagrams -- Concept 2-1: Review -- Soil: foundation of terrestrial biomes: -- Investigating the Evidence 2: Determining the sample mean -- Concept 2-2: Review -- Natural history and geography of biomes: -- Tropical rain forest -- Tropical dry forest -- Tropical savanna -- Desert -- Mediterranean woodland and shrubland -- Temperate grassland -- Temperate forest -- Boreal forest -- Tundra -- Mountains: islands in the sky -- Concept 2-3: Review -- Applications: Climatic variation and the Palmer Drought Severity Index -- Life In Water: -- Concepts -- Hydrologic cycle: -- Concept 3-1: Review -- Natural history of aquatic environments: -- Oceans -- Life in shallow marine waters: kelp forests and coral gardens -- Investigating the Evidence 3: Determining the sample median -- Marine shores: life between high and low tides -- Estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove forests -- Rivers and streams: life blood and pulse of the land -- Lakes: small seas -- Concept 3-2: Review -- Applications: Biological integrity-assessing the health of aquatic systems -- Number of species and species composition -- Trophic composition -- Fish abundance and condition -- Test -- Population Genetics And Natural Selection: -- Concepts -- Variation within populations: -- Variation in a widely distributed plant -- Variation in alpine fish populations -- Concept 4-1: Review -- Hardy-Weinberg -- Calculating gene frequencies -- Concept 4-2: Review -- Process of natural selection: -- Stabilizing selection -- Directional selection -- Disruptive selection -- Concept 4-3: Review -- Evolution by natural selection: -- Heritability: essential for evolution -- Investigating the Evidence 4: Variation in data -- Directional selection: Rapid adaptation by soapberry bugs to new host plants -- Concept 4-4: Review -- Change due to chance: -- Evidence of genetic drift in Chihuahua spruce -- Genetic variation in island populations -- Genetic diversity and butterfly extinctions -- Concept 4-5: Review -- Applications: Evolution and agriculture: -- Evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds --Section 2: Adaptations To The Environment: -- Temperature Relations: -- Concepts -- Microclimates: -- Altitude -- Aspect -- Vegetation -- Color of the ground -- Presence of boulders and burrows -- Aquatic temperatures -- Concept 5-1: Review -- Evolutionary trade-offs: -- Principle of allocation -- Concept 5-2: Review -- Temperature and performance of organisms -- Investigating the Evidence 5: Laboratory experiments -- Extreme temperatures and photosynthesis -- Temperature and microbial activity -- Concept 5-3: Review -- Regulating body temperature: -- Balancing heat gain against heat loss -- Temperature regulation by plants -- Temperature regulation by ectothermic animals -- Temperature regulation by endothermic animals -- Temperature regulation by thermogenic plants -- Concept 5-4: Review -- Surviving extreme temperatures: -- Inactivity -- Reducing metabolic rate -- Hibernation by a tropical species -- Concept 5-5: Review -- Applications: Local extinction of a land snail in an urban heat island -- Water Relations: -- Concepts -- Water availability -- Water content of air -- Water movement in aquatic environments -- Water movement between soils and plants -- Concept 6-1: Review -- Water regulation on land: -- Water acquisition by animals -- Water acquisition by plants -- Water conservation by plants and animals -- Investigating the Evidence 6: Sample size -- Dissimilar organisms with similar approaches to desert life -- Two arthropods with opposite approaches to desert life -- Concept 6-2: Review -- Water and salt balance in aquatic environments -- Marine fish and invertebrates -- Freshwater fish and invertebrates -- Concept 6-3: Review -- Applications: Using stable isotopes to study water uptake by plants -- Stable isotope analysis -- Using stable isotopes to identify plant water sources -- Energy And Nutrient Relations: -- Concepts -- Photosynthetic autotrophs: -- Solar-powered biosphere -- Concept 7-1: Review -- Chemosynthetic autotrophs: -- Concept 7-2: Review -- Heterotrophs: -- Chemical composition and nutrient requirements -- Concept 7-3: Review -- Energy limitation: -- Photon flux and photosynthetic response curves -- Food density and animal functional response -- Concept 7-4: Review -- Optimal foraging theory: -- Testing optimal foraging theory -- Optimal foraging by plants -- Investigating the Evidence 7: Scatter plots and the relationship between variables -- Concept 7-5: Review -- Applications: Bioremediation-using the trophic diversity of bacteria to solve environmental problems: -- Leaking underground storage tanks -- Cyanide and nitrates in mine spoils -- Social Relations: -- Concepts: -- Mate choice versus predation -- Mate choice and sexual selection in guppies: -- Concept 8-1: Review -- Mate choice and resource provisioning -- Concept 8-2: Review -- Nonrandom mating in a plant population -- Concept 8-3: Review -- Sociality: -- Cooperative breeders -- Investigating the Evidence 8: Estimating heritability using regression analysis -- Concept 8-4: Review -- Eusociality -- Eusocial species -- Evolution of Eusociality -- Concept 8-5: Review -- Applications: Behavioral ecology and conservation: -- Tinbergen's framework -- Environmental enrichment and development of behavior

Section 3: Population Ecology: -- Population Distribution And Abundance: -- Concepts -- Distribution limits: -- Kangaroo distributions and climate -- Tiger beetle of cold climates -- Distributions of plants along a moisture-temperature gradient -- Distributions of barnacles along an intertidal exposure gradient -- Concept 9-1: Review -- Patterns on small scales: -- Scale, distributions, and mechanisms -- Distributions of tropical bee colonies -- Distributions of desert shrubs -- Concept 9-2: Review -- Patterns on large scales: -- Bird populations across North America -- Investigating the Evidence 9: Clumped, random, and regular distributions -- Plant distributions along moisture gradients -- Concept 9-3: Review -- Organism size and population density: -- Animal size and population density -- Plant size and population density -- Concept 9-4: Review -- Applications: Rarity and vulnerability to extinction: -- Seven forms of rarity and one of abundance -- Population Dynamics: -- Concepts -- Dispersal: -- Dispersal of expanding populations -- Range changes in response to climate change -- Dispersal in response to changing food supply -- Dispersal in rivers and streams -- Concept 10-1: Review -- Metapopulations: -- Metapopulation of an alpine butterfly -- Dispersal within a metapopulation of lesser kestrels -- Concept 10-2: Review -- Patterns of survival: -- Estimating patterns of survival -- High survival among the young -- Constant rates of survival -- High mortality among the young -- Three types of survivorship curves -- Concept 10-3: Review -- Age distribution: -- Contrasting tree populations -- Dynamic population in a variable climate -- Concept 10-4: Review -- Rates of population change: -- Estimating rates for an annual plant -- Estimating rates when generations overlap -- Concept 10-5: Review -- Investigating the Evidence 10: Hypotheses and statistical significance -- Applications: Using population dynamics to assess the impact of pollutants -- Population Growth: -- Concepts -- Geometric and exponential population growth: -- Geometric growth -- Exponential growth -- Exponential growth in nature -- Concept 11-1: Review -- Logistic population growth: -- Concept 11-2: Review -- Limits to population growth: -- Environment and birth and death among Darwin's finches -- Investigating the Evidence 11: Frequency of alternative phenotypes in a population -- Concept 11-3: Review -- Applications: Human population: -- Distribution and abundance -- Population dynamics -- Population growth -- Life Histories: -- Concepts -- Offspring number versus size: -- Egg size and number in fish -- Seed size and number in plants -- Seed size and seedling performance -- Concept 12-1: Review -- Adult survival and reproductive allocation: -- Life history variation among species -- Life history variation within species -- Concept 12-2: Review -- Life history classification: -- r and K selection -- Plant life histories -- Investigating the Evidence 12: Statistical test for distribution pattern -- Opportunistic, equilibrium, and periodic life histories -- Lifetime reproductive effort and relative offspring size: two central variables? -- Concept 12-3: Review -- Applications: Using life history information to restore riparian forests -- Section 4: Interactions: -- Competition: -- Concepts -- Intraspecific competition: -- Intraspecific competition among plants -- Intraspecific competition among planthoppers -- Interference competition among terrestrial isopods -- Concept 13-1: Review -- Competitive exclusion and niches: -- Feeding niches of Darwin's finches -- Habitat niche of a salt marsh grass -- Concept 13-2: Review -- Mathematical and laboratory models: -- Modeling interspecific competition -- Laboratory models of competition -- Concept 13-3: Review -- Competition and niches: -- Niches and competition among plants -- Niche overlap and competition between barnacles -- Competition and the habitat of a salt marsh grass -- Competition and the niches of small rodents -- Character displacement -- Evidence for competition in nature -- Investigating the Evidence 13: Field experiments -- Concept 13-4: Review -- Applications: Competition between native and invasive species -- Exploitative Interactions: Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, And Disease: -- Concepts -- Complex interactions: -- Parasites and pathogens that manipulate host behavior -- Entangling of exploitation with competition -- Concept 14-1: Review -- Exploitation and abundance: -- Herbivorous stream insect and its algal food -- Bats, birds, and herbivory in a tropical forest -- Pathogenic parasite, a predator, and its prey -- Concept 14-2: Review -- Dynamics: -- Cycles of abundance in snowshoe hares and their predators -- Investigating the Evidence 14: Standard error of the mean -- Experimental test of food and predation impacts -- Population cycles in mathematical and laboratory models -- Concept 14-3: Review -- Refuges: -- Refuges and host persistence in laboratory and mathematical models -- Exploited organisms and their wide variety of "refuges" -- Concept 14-4: Review -- Applications: Value of pest control by bats: a case study -- Mutualism: -- Concepts -- Plant mutualisms -- Plant performance and mycorrhizal fungi -- Ants and swollen thorn acacias -- Temperate plant protection mutualism -- Concept 15-1: Review -- Coral mutualisms: -- Zooxanthellae and corals -- Coral protection mutualism -- Concept 15-2: Review -- Evolution of mutualism: -- Investigating the Evidence 15: Confidence intervals -- Facultative ant-plant protection mutualisms -- Concept 15-3: Review -- Applications: Mutualism and humans: -- Guiding behavior

Section 5: Communities And Ecosystems: -- Species Abundance And Diversity: -- Concepts -- Species abundance: -- Lognormal distribution -- Concept 16-1: Review -- Species diversity: -- Quantitative index of species diversity -- Rank-abundance curves -- Concept 16-2: Review -- Environmental complexity: -- Forest complexity and bird species diversity -- Investigating the Evidence 16: Estimating the number of species in communities -- Niches, heterogeneity, and the diversity of algae and plants -- Niches of algae and terrestrial plants -- Niches of algae and terrestrial plants -- Complexity in plant environments -- Soil and topographic heterogeneity and the diversity of tropical forest trees -- Algal and plant species diversity and increased nutrient availability -- Nitrogen enrichment and ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity -- Concept 16-3: Review -- 16-4: Disturbance and diversity: -- Nature of equilibrium -- Nature and sources of disturbance -- Intermediate disturbance hypothesis -- Disturbance and diversity in the intertidal zone -- Disturbance and diversity in temperate grasslands -- Concept 16-4: Review -- Applications: Disturbance by humans -- Urban diversity -- Species Interactions And Community Structure: -- Concepts -- Community webs: -- Detailed food webs reveal great complexity -- Strong interactions and food web structure -- Concept 17-1: Review -- Indirect interactions: -- Indirect commensalism -- Apparent competition -- Concept 17-2: Review -- Keystone species: -- Food web structure and species diversity -- Experimental removal of sea stars -- Snail effects on algal diversity -- Fish as keystone species in river food webs -- Investigating the Evidence 17: Using confidence intervals to compare populations -- Concept 17-3: Review -- Mutalistic keystones: -- Cleaner fish as a keystone species -- Seed dispersal mutualists as keystone species -- Concept 17-4: Review -- Applications: Human modification of food webs: -- Empty forest: hunters and tropical rain forest animal communities -- Ants and agriculture: keystone predators for pest control -- Primary Production And Energy Flow: -- Concepts -- Patterns of terrestrial primary production: -- Actual evapotranspiration and terrestrial primary production -- Soil fertility and terrestrial primary production -- Concept 18-1: Review -- Patterns of aquatic primary production: -- Patterns and models -- Whole lake experiments on primary production -- Global patterns of marine primary production -- Concept 18-2: Review -- Consumer influences: -- Piscivores, planktivores, and lake primary production -- Grazing by large mammals and primary production on the Serengeti -- Concept 18-3: Review -- Tropic levels: -- Trophic dynamic view of ecosystems -- Investigating the Evidence 18: Comparing two populations with the t-Test -- Energy flow in a temperate deciduous forest -- Concept 18-4: Review -- Applications: Using stable isotope analysis to trace energy flow through ecosystems -- Trophic levels of tropical river fish -- Using stable isotopes to identify sources of energy in a salt marsh -- Food habits of prehistoric human populations -- Nutrient Cycling And Retention: -- Concepts -- Nutrient cycles: -- Phosphorus cycle -- Nitrogen cycle -- Carbon cycle -- Concept 19-1: Review -- Rates of decomposition: -- Decomposition in two Mediterranean woodland ecosystems -- Decomposition in two temperate forest ecosystems -- Decomposition in aquatic ecosystems -- Investigating the Evidence 19: Assumptions for statistical tests -- Concept 19-2: Review -- Organisms and nutrients: -- Nutrient cycling in streams and lakes -- Animals and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems -- Plants and the nutrient dynamics of ecosystems -- Concept 19-3: Review -- Disturbance and nutrients: -- Disturbance and nutrient loss from forests -- Flooding and nutrient export by streams -- Concept 19-4: Review -- Applications: Altering aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems -- Succession And Stability: -- Concepts -- Community changes during succession: -- Primary succession at Glacier Bay -- Secondary succession in temperate forests -- Succession in rocky intertidal communities -- Succession in stream communities -- Concept 20-1: Review -- Ecosystem changes during succession: -- Ecosystem changes at Glacier Bay -- Four million years of ecosystem change -- Recovery of nutrient retention following disturbance -- Succession and stream ecosystem properties -- Concept 20-2: Review -- Mechanisms of succession: -- Facilitation -- Tolerance -- Inhibition -- Successional mechanisms in the rocky intertidal zone -- Successional mechanisms in forests -- Concept 20-3: Review -- Community and ecosystem stability: -- Some definitions -- Lessons from the park grass experiment -- Replicate disturbances and desert stream stability -- Concept 20-4: Review -- Investigating the Evidence 20: Variation around the median -- Applications: Using repeat photography to detect long-term change -- Section 6: Large-Scale Ecology: -- Landscape Ecology: -- Concepts -- Landscape structure: -- Structure of six landscapes in Ohio -- Fractal geometry of landscapes -- Concept 21-1: Review -- Landscape processes: -- Landscape structure and the dispersal of mammals -- Habitat patch size and isolation and the density of butterfly populations -- Habitat corridors and movement of organisms -- Landscape position and lake chemistry -- Investigating the Evidence 21: Comparison of two samples using a rank sum test -- Concept 21-2: Review -- Origins of landscape structure and change: -- Geological processes, climate, and landscape structure -- Organisms and landscape structure -- Fire and the structure of a Mediterranean landscape -- Concept 21-3: Review -- Applications: Restoring a riverine landscape -- Riverine restoration: Kissimmee River -- Geographic Ecology: -- Concepts -- Area, isolation, and species richness -- Sampling area and number of species -- Island area and species richness -- Island isolation and species richness -- Concept 22-1: Review -- Equilibrium model of island biogeography -- Species turnover on islands -- Experimental island biogeography -- Colonization of new islands by plants -- Manipulating island area -- Island biogeography update -- Concept 22-2: Review -- Latitudinal gradients in species richness: -- Area and latitudinal gradients in species richness -- Continental area and species richness -- Concept 22-3: Review -- Historical and regional influences: -- Exceptional patterns of diversity -- Investigating the Evidence 22: Sample size revisited -- Historical and regional explanations -- Concept 22-4: Review -- Applications: Global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic information systems -- Global positioning systems -- Remote sensing -- Geographic information systems -- Global Ecology: -- Concepts -- Atmospheric envelope and the greenhouse earth -- Global system: -- Historical thread -- El Nino and La Nina -- El Nino and marine populations -- El Nino and the Great Salt Lake -- El Nino and terrestrial populations in Australia -- Concept 23-1: Review -- Human activity and the global nitrogen cycle -- Concept 23-2: Review -- Changes in land cover -- Tropical deforestation -- Concept 23-3: Review -- Human influence on atmospheric composition -- Investigating the Evidence 23: Discovering what's been discovered -- Depletion and recovery of the ozone layer -- Future -- Concept 23-4: Review -- Applications: Cooperative research networks for global ecology -- Appendix: Statistical tables -- Glossary -- References -- Credits -- Index

Includes bibliographical references and index

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